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I found the following change fixes the errors.

diff --git a/app/controllers/my_controller.rb b/app/controllers/my_controller.rb
index 860a91f06..7f1f2180f 100644
--- a/app/controllers/my_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/my_controller.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,11 @@ class MyController < ApplicationController
           format.api  {render_validation_errors(@user)}
         end
       end
+    else
+      respond_to do |format|
+        format.html
+        format.api
+      end
     end
   end

diff --git a/app/controllers/news_controller.rb b/app/controllers/news_controller.rb
index a4c48614f..3f1a13ab1 100644
--- a/app/controllers/news_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/news_controller.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,11 @@ class NewsController < ApplicationController
   def show
     @comments = @news.comments.to_a
     @comments.reverse! if User.current.wants_comments_in_reverse_order?
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.api
+    end
   end

   def new

Thank you for the insightful report. I appreciate the detailed information, which has helped me understand the main problem.

In Ruby 2.7, some API tests fail due to changes in how Module#include and Module#prepend work from Ruby 3.0 onwards. In Ruby 2.7, the order in which modules are included affects whether include/prepend functions properly in certain cases. This issue is related to https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9573 .

Since trunk revision r22488, ActionView::Rendering has been prepended with an anonymous module in config/initializers/10-patches.rb. However, ActionView::Rendering is already included in ActionController::Base. Thus, in Ruby 2.7, prepending ActionView::Rendering at the beginning with this anonymous module seems to be ineffective, and the API tests fail to produce the expected context-type.

Implementing the following changes will allow the API tests to pass in Ruby 2.7.

diff --git a/config/initializers/10-patches.rb b/config/initializers/10-patches.rb
index adac86583..7694fb60d 100644
--- a/config/initializers/10-patches.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/10-patches.rb
@@ -148,8 +148,9 @@ module ActionView
       super values
     end
   end)
-
-  Rendering.prepend(Module.new do
+end
+module ActionController
+  Base.prepend(Module.new do
     def rendered_format
       if lookup_context.formats.first == :api
         return request.format

I hope this proves helpful.